Scene Analysis Of America Beauty Film Studies Essay

Scene Analysis Of America Beauty Film Studies Essay American Beauty is a film written by Alan Ball and directed by Sam Mendes in the year 2000. The film is about Lester Burnham , who is searching for happiness. Lester Burnham is an ordinary-looking man in his forties. Lester is in a loveless marriage because his wife, Carolyn Burnham, who thinks that success is the most important thing in life, neglects him due to her obsession to her real estate career. In the film, Lester often mentions that Carolyn doesnt acknowledge him. Lesters daughter, Jane Burnham, is emotionally distant from her father, and often claims how pathetic she thinks Lester is. In the beginning of the film, Lester was told that he was in danger of losing his job. All these factors dramatically culminate into feelings of desperation and vulnerability for him. This begins to change as Lester is introduced to his daughters friend, Angela Hayes. Lester overhears a conversation between Jane and Angela, where Angela states that she would have sex with him if he would star t working-out and building up his body. The thought of having a teenage girl finding Lester hot, excites Lester thus beginning Lesters change throughout the movie (American Beauty, motion picture, 2000). I will be analysing two scenes of this film which I found to be the most significant in terms of how it helped me shape my interpretation of and emotional response to the film. Both scenes involve major turn of events in the film regarding Lester Burnham and I found that the cinematographic qualities of the scenes played a major part in contributing to the movies overall meaning. According to Richard Barsam, cinematography is the process of capturing moving images on film or some other medium (Barsam 2007, p.140). Barsam states that, Although cinematography might seem to exist solely to please our eyes with beautiful images, it is in fact an intricate language that can contribute to a movies overall meaning as much as the story, mise-en-scene, and acting do (Barsam 2007, p.140). This means that the use of the different aspects of cinematography such as lighting, framing, camera angles can help contribute to interpreting the meaning of the film itself. The two cinematographic elements which are mainly used in the scenes include composition and camera movement. Barsam states that the composition element refers to the arrangement of visual elements within a shot (Barsam 2007, p.161). There can be numerous visual elements within a shot. Some of the elements include lighting, shot compositions (long-shot, medium-shot, close-up), and dynamic compositions. Barsam points out that a key component of composition is lighting. The lighting shapes the way the movie looks and helps tell the story (Barsam 2007, p.148). Among its properties are its source, quality, direction and style. Barsam states that the different properties of lighting work together with other elements to determine the overall mood and meaning of a scene (Barsam 2007, p.154). According to Barsam, the second cinematographic element, camera movement, can change the way we see the images because any movement of the camera modifies the different elements of framing. These elements include camera angle, level, height, types of shots and scale (Barsam 2007, p.176). The moving camera opens up cinematic space, and thus filmmakers use it to achieve many effects. Barsam points out that the moving camera leads the viewers eye, or focuses the viewers attention and, by moving into the scene, helps create the illusion of depth in the flat screen image. (Barsam 2007, p.176) The first scene I will be analysing is the scene where Lester first spots Angela. In this scene, Lester and Carolyn decided to support Jane at her school where she was performing a dance at half-time. This scene is significant because it shows how Lester begins to rebel against who he is, as a result of Angelas sexuality. The scene begins with Lester and Carolyn arriving at the basketball game right before Janes performance. Then as the performance begins, almost immediately into the dance routine, Angela is given an upward position in the frame elevated with dynamic composition. It is dynamic composition because there is movement within the fixed frame (Barsam 2007, p.161). By giving Angela an upward position within the frame, it suggests that Lester is taking notice of her. And as the scene continues, Angela has gotten Lesters full attention. Angela is shown moving towards the camera in another dynamic composition shot complemented by the camera zooming in on her. This enhances Ang elas presence and this also gave me an idea as to the degree of attention Lester is giving Angela due to her sexuality. The scene continues with a static composition shot of Lester. According to Barsam, a static composition shot is where there is no movement within the frame, unlike a dynamic composition where there is movement (Barsam 2007, p.161). The camera then begins to zoom in on Lester. As the camera zooms in, the crowd is eliminated and only Lester is shown in the frame. Furthermore, Lesters eyes appears to be bigger than they actually are because of the way the camera is focusing on them. This makes Lester look as though he is drooling over something he desires. At this point, the camera performs a point of view shot showing what Lesters eyes are fixated on, and that is Angela. This again displays the degree of enchantment that Angela has placed over Lester. In Lesters mind, only Angela and himself exists at that moment, and everyone else is filtered out as they are not of any importance to Lester. The scene then concludes with a shot-reverse-shot of Angela and Lester. A shot-reverse-shot is where one character is shown looking at another character (often off-screen), and then the other character is shown looking back at the first character. Since the characters are shown facing in opposite directions, the viewer assumes that they are looking at each other (Yale Film Studies Program 2002). This allowed me to see that in Lesters fantasy, Angela is dancing erotically just for him, giving each other the same amount of attention. Because of the fact the Lester is desiring a girl that is his daughters age, it should be noted that Angela and Lester are never shown in the same frame in the scene as this suggests that there is some barrier in between them. Another technical element which I found that added to the effectiveness of the scene, was the lighting. In the point of view shot from Lesters perspective that showed that he was fixated on Angela, Angela was shown by herself in the frame. And as mentioned above, this is to point out that Lester only has his attention on Angela. The lighting used complemented the shot as the lighting helped to focus my attention on Lesters enlarged eyes and this showed me that he was being enchanted by what he was seeing. Another way the lighting was used in the scene was when Angela was shown alone in the frame and the background in the shot became a lot darker. At the same time, a bright light shined on Angela from above. The lighting in this shot is high contrast and low key. It is high contrast because the difference between the light and darkness is clear. Barsam states that low key lighting is when little or no fill light is used, the ratio between bright illumination and deep shadow is very high (Barsam 2007, p.152). This is shown in the shot because Angelas shadow can be seen behind her and shadows can be seen on the rest of Lesters face, excluding his eyes. I found that lighting contributed quite a lot in this scene. Firstly, I felt that the light shining solely on Angela portrays Angela as the object of Lesters attention. Barsam states that lighting thrown down on a character from above can be used for many different effects, (ie: vulnerability) (Barsam 2007, p.153). In the case of this scene, the light may be portraying the innocence and purity of Angela as she was a virgin throughout the entire film and as light can sometimes be affiliated with good and darkness with bad. The darkness in the background may represent her fake personality where she lies about her sexual experience to the people around her. The darkness surrounding Lester during the close up shots of him may be representing the sexual thoughts he fantasizes about in the scene. And thus the darkness surrounds him throughout the shots of him paying full attention to Angela. The second scene I will be analysing, is the scene towards the end of the film when Lesters fantasies and dreams are about to become reality. This scene is significant because it shows the second turn of events which transforms Lester again, but this time back to the mature person he once was, and also making him realize what it really meant to make him happy. This scene also makes use of composition and camera movement. The scene begins with Lester moving close towards Angela who is lying on the couch. The camera pans right while following Lester. I found this to build up suspense to what would happen next. And as the camera moves to the right, it moves back down. This is a dynamic shot with downward movement. Dynamic because of the movement within the frame and downward movement because the camera moves in a downward movement. According to Barsam, this downward movement implies a negative action (Barsam 2007, p.177). In this case, the negative action is Lesters sexual tendencies towards Angela who is a teenager. Barsam also mentions that the downward movement implies the loss of something (Barsam 2007, p.177). In this case, the loss is of Angelas virginity. The next shot is of Angela appearing at a 45 degree angle in the frame. This is known as a Dutch-angle shot. According to Barsam, a Dutch-angle shot is when the camera is tilted from its normal horizontal and vertical position so that it is no longer straight, giving the viewer the impression that the world in the frame is out of balance (Barsam 2007, p.174). The Dutch-angle accentuates the unnatural nature of the actions in the frame. In this case, it is of the unnatural reaction of Angela, who is about to have a sexual experience for the first time. As the scene continues, the camera pans from left to right and right to left following Lesters hands as they go up and down Angelas body. I found that this intensified the erotic feeling of the scene. In the next shot, the camera moves to a dynamic crane shot, showing Lesters hands unbuttoning Angelas shirt. According to Barsam, a crane shot is a shot made from a camera mounted onto an elevating arm that, in turn, is mounted on a vehicle capable of moving by its own power resulting in it being more flexible due to the freedom of horizontal and vertical movement. The shot is then followed by a shot-reverse shot of Angela and Lester looking at one another. In the scene, Angela was given the low angle shot, looking up at Lester. Barsam states that a low-angle shot is made with the camera below the action and typically places the observer in the position of feeling helpless in the presence of a superior force (Barsam 2007, 171). In other words, a low-angle shot emphasizes anxiety, fear and vulnerability. The fact that Angela is looking up at Lester also implies that Lester is in control. However, I noticed during the crane shots, Angelas position in the frame is always higher than Les ters. In a way, this implies that she is pure and innocent because good elements are usually given a higher position over bad elements (eg: Heaven up, Hell down). In the next shot, Angela reveals to Lester that she is a virgin. At this point, the shot goes back to Lester, who is in a Dutch-angle shot smiles and asks if Angela was kidding. The reason for the Dutch-angle shot is because Lester has realized what he was doing was unnatural. After this shot, is the second major turning point in Lesters transformation, where he finally realizes after all this while, that being lustful for a teenager wasnt what it meant to be happy. The lighting technique used in this scene seemed to portray the light and darkness symbolic meaning that was mentioned above. Throughout the entire scene, there was always a light shining down on Angela but Lester was always kept in darkness. And with composition of Angelas white shirt and the soft light shining on it emphasizing the white colour of the shirt, the light represents purity and innocence because Angela is a virgin. Whereas, the darkness that surrounds Lester, and the minimal lighting shining on his hands as he moves his hands up and down Angelas body represents the impurity of his actions. The lighting used throughout this scene was low contrast and low key. Low contrast because the lighting used was dim and rather gray. In the final shots of the scene, the lighting used were low contrast and low key as well because that implies a sense of mystery. As a viewer, although Lester had come to realize what it meant to achieve happiness, there was something which kept me wondering what would happen. And true enough, the film ended with Lester getting killed. Throughout the film, there were many more cinematographic elements used which emphasized the personalities and characteristics of each character such as high-angle shots, the use of short-focal-length lenses and Long takes. However, because I interpreted the movie as Lesters transformations through being reborn, I found that the cinematographic qualities used in the two scenes I analysed to be the most significant in my interpretation of and emotional response to American Beauty.

Nutrition Final Paper Essay

Question 1 (3 pts): Clients will often approach the RD, bewildered as to how to select, plan, and prepare a healthy diet for themselves or their families. Using yourself as an example, discuss the six basic principles of diet planning and how they apply to your dietary intake. Answer 1: Preparing and eating health meals for me and my family can be difficult with our busy schedule, but it starts with a plan. Using the 6 principles of diet planning I start with adequacy. I accomplish this by writing out a grocery list of all the things my family will need for the week. I also shop weekly because we prefer fresh fruit and vegetables. Next, I make sure we have an even balance of foods. I write out meal plans for the week to make sure my family has an even items of food and also a variety of foods. This can be very challenging with young picky kids, because my son would just eat fruit and oatmeal all day long if I let him. Variety is really hard in the Parker home because of the limited food choices do to my husband intolerance to red meats and dairy products. I also struggle because my favorite food list consists of about 10 different kinds of foods. We don’t really have problems with the nutrient density because we only eat lean proteins such as fish, turkey, and chicken. My husband cannot tolerate fatty food so we don’t fry, and we enjoy a fixed variety of fruits and vegetables. I do not pay attention to calorie content unless it is a prepackaged food you heat up or add water to, but I do make sure what I’m putting into my families bodies is enough to keep them going for the day. Moderation is the last of the principles and a big one in my house. When cooking we do not add extra salt for taste nor do we consume foods with high trans fat, saturated fat,or cholesterol. Water is also the most consumed beverage. Soda has no home in my pantry, but we do elect for juices that are not made from concentrate. Question 2 (2 pts): Discuss the key recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010 and differentiate these guidelines from the Canadian Guidelines for Healthy Eating. Do you have a preference as to which one you would use with clients? Answer 2: The dietary guidelines for Americans in 2010 have 4 main points. Starting with balancing calories to manage weight. With in this section it talks about how to maintain calorie control,intake,and balance. Also, is talks about physical activity and keeping active to maintain a healthy weight. In the Canadian guidelines it has in own section for keeping active and doing it in accordance to your body weight, but it really doesn’t touch on calorie balance or intake. Next, the American guidelines touches on foods to reduce from your diet. Focuses limiting sodium, saturated, mono and poly saturated,cholesterol ,trans fats,added sugars,refined grains,and alcohol. Whereas Canadian guidelines really just focus a lot on salt intake, alcohol, and caffeine. Next American guidelines talks about food to increase. Included in this list is fruits, vegetables, fat free dairy, lean proteins, seafood, and foods that have more vitamins within them. The Canadian guidelines emphasis consuming a variety of complex carbs and foods from the earth. Also, incorporating low fat dairy products as part of a daly routine. Although, both will guide the average person to a healthier lifestyle I would refer my clients to the American guidelines because it goes in to more depth of how to live healthier. Question 3 (3 pts): MyPyramid is a popular graphic source for nutrition information. In fact, it is so popular that it has been duplicated as a graphic for exercise information, vegetarian diets, etc. Given its popularity, it would appear that MyPyramid is the best pictorial to teach consumers nutritional information. Would you agree or disagree? Why? After you have stated your own personal argument, consider the other perspective and discuss why someone would take this perspective. Answer 3: I believe MyPyramid is a great way to teach consumers nutritional information, but I disagree that’s it is the best way. The people who need these guidelines the most are most likely ones who do not take the time to get on the Internet and use the tools that MyPyramid has to offer. I don’t think it properly educates people on the right food choices in each group. Education on nutrient density is a lacking component when using MyPyramid. I also believe that the MyPyramid is lacking in teaching balance of healthy foods. It seems like they stress certain foods more than others and thus creating unhealthy habits for individuals not properly understanding their nutrition needs. Question 4 (3 pts) : Food manufacturing and technology continue to grow in sophistication. While one can certainly debate about the pros and cons of such growth, there is no doubt that consumers are often confused about the different labels given to the different types of processed foods! (a) In a few sentences, describe each of the following: fortified, refined, enriched, whole grain, and textured vegetable protein. (b) What are your thoughts on how these types of foods fit into the diet of the American consumer? Question 4 a) Refined foods are highly processed that have been stripped of their original nutrient content such as white flour and white pasta. Enriched foods add vitamins and minerals to replace the ones lost in the refining process. Fortified foods add vitamins and nutrients in addition to the ones found before the refining process. Question 5 (3 pts): To fully gain command of their dietary intake, consumers should know how to read food labels. Many find reading food labels very confusing. Why do you personally believe that consumers find food labels hard to read? Describe how you, if you were an RD, would educate your client on reading a food label. What do you think would be your priority point of education for your client? Question 6 (5 pts): As noted in your readings, describing a vegetarian diet is somewhat like describing a typical American diet; there are many varieties. Please describe the types of vegetarian diets one might come into contact with and provide a short synopsis on the food plan that would be followed. Question 7 (3 pts): Discuss the rationale why consumers/clients select to pursue a vegetarian dietary plan as well as the health benefits of following a vegetarian diet. Question 8 (3 pts): Discuss nutrients that an RD should be careful to assess for and discuss with a client pursuing a vegetarian program to ensure that their dietary plan allows for sufficient quantities of that nutrient.

Discourses of Conformity in One Flew over the Cuckoo’s...

Throughout the novel ‘One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest’ written by Ken Kesey, and the poem ‘Advice to Young Ladies’ crafted by A.D. Hope, there is evidence to suggest that the discourses represented by the characters in the novel and poem unveil the ways discourses of conformity underpin the characters’ actions, perceptions and motives, as well as inviting and silencing beliefs, attitudes and values. The author and poet are able to strongly convey their beliefs to the reader from their personal experiences. The four dominant discourses that both the novel and poem share and represents: conformity, sexuality and religious. These will be analysed and compared. The dominant discourse of conformity is characterised predominantly by†¦show more content†¦Kesey uses several symbolic references that lead the readers to believe that McMurphy symbolised Christ to the men in the hospital. These extracts examplify how McMurphy develops as a Christ figure. The novel depicts how the religious discourse positions and privileges the character. The poem, â€Å"Advice to Young Ladies†, crafted by A.D. Hope, does contain similar dominant discourse of conformity in Kesey’s novel. Although it foregrounds a particular viewpoint similar to the one presented in Kesey’s novel, the representations of religious and sexuality supports the conformity discourse. Postumia is not conformed to the Vestal Virgin as she is thought to talk too witty for her age. This can be demonstrated by: ‘Too witty for a young girl, her eyes, her walk. Too lively, her clothes too smart to be demure.’(Line 7-8) The poet positions readers to see Postumia’s smartness as a threat for men and her life being torn from her. A religious discourse can be used to explain this phenomenon. Hope portrays to the reader is that back then, men were superior and women were made invisible. Females did not have the right to use intelligence or even the right to express themselves. Hope portrays that men were superior then women. Femal es did not have the right to use intelligence or even the right to express themselves. An example of this can be demonstrated in line 47: â€Å"Than whose how, in their folly not less blind, Trusted the servile womb to breed free men.† This challenges

Eating and Personality Disorders Essay - 1710 Words

Eating and Personality Disorders The correlation between eating disorders and other psychological disorders is very important for our understanding of the causes and possible treatments for eating disorders. It is known that many people with eating disorders also fit the criteria for several DSM-IV psychological disorders. If researchers can find patterns of comorbidity between these two types of disorders they may be able to better diagnose and treat patients with both of these disorders. The question that I pose it what is the relationship between eating disorders and personality disorders(axis 11 disorders in DSM-IV)? It is important to look for comorbidity between the two disorders to determine the impact they have on each†¦show more content†¦EATING DISORDERS. In a majority of the research articles studies were done on both patients with anorexia nervosa and patients with bulimia nervosa. During the research, as we will see, there was some difference in the comorbidity of personality disorders depending on whether the subjects were anorexic or bulimic. RESULTS OF MAJOR EXPERIMENTS Unfortunately there are no clear cut answers to the question posed at the beginning of this article. The main reason, which I will describe later, has to due with the broad range of analisation techniques used by researchers in defining and determining the rate and impact of comorbidity. There isnt any question that there is a great deal of comorbidity between eating disorders and personality disorders because most of the research done has found some correlation. The question remains as to how much of a correlation there is and what effect the personality disorders have on eating disorders. In order to examine this closer it is helpful to look at the results of several major experiments. Johnson, Tobin, and Enright (1989). 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The Center Of Moral Development - 1159 Words

Particularly, I think the center of moral development is cognitive by nature, and even when I consider that emotions shouldn’t be given the main role in moral matters, I think it should be recognized that they are important because they help to distinguish moral features in specific contexts, motivate moral actions, stop immoral behaviors, and play a communicative role in revealing our moral concerns to ourselves and others. Both, Kant and Hume argue that human beings have an inner moral sense that produces pleasant feelings of approval towards benevolent actions and disapproval feelings towards vicious or perverted acts, these form the original source of moral judgments. Hume, in particular suggested that moral judgments are similar somehow, to aesthetic judgments, as arising from the feelings and not reason. According to Hume, in order to make a moral decision, we must look at the given situation, and decide which solution would give us the highest level of pleasure. He says that we need to do the greatest good for the greatest number of people. The reason is, and ought only be the slave of the passions and can not seek other office than to serve and obey them (the Principles of Morals II, III, 415). This does not mean that reason has no role in human action; a belief is always required to have a reason to act. With this maxim points out that reason can only meet the minor role of showing the means through which you can get the end proposed by desire. Hume thinks thatShow MoreRelatedCurrent Business Scenario And Projected Future Direction1331 Words   |  6 PagesIn this case study, Gloria Londono a health care entrepreneur, owner of a few eldercare centers, Calidad de Vida as it is called, has dilemmas drifting at the forefront of her thoughts. Victor Serna an angel investor has offere d her three million euros as an investment in her organization. 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Father Free Essays

Essay Tips for AAID504 Contemporary Interiors Essay Hand-in to Registry on Wednesday 1st May 2013 ‘This module looks critically at contemporary interiors, both as a practice and from a spatial, material and responsive viewpoint. It aims to enable students to devise an informed and critical position to the subject and to develop a viable proposal for their extended essay in level 6. Additionally the module aims to enable this critical position to be fed back into the design work. We will write a custom essay sample on Father or any similar topic only for you Order Now ’ The essay should be about 3000 words, illustrated and referenced. It is worth 70% of the module mark. Its topic (at least as a starting point) should be one of the subjects covered in the presentations. In the appendix you should include one or two sheets about each of your presentations. The subject matter was: Subject 1: Interior Practice: what does an interior architect do? What are their methods of practice? What other disciplines are referred to? Subject 2: Interior Objects: which interiors should be considered important or relevant? Under what terms and how should they be discussed? Subject 3: Interior Occupation: what is the experience of the occupant? How can one discuss something so subjective? How does the occupant inform the design process? Defining your essay subject What? Sum up what your essay is about in just one or two sentences. What are your key questions? Why? What is the significance of your subject? Why is it interesting, or important to you? How? What texts will you refer to? You should start with ones used during the term. You might then expand on these as your topic requires. What other sources will you use: a case study, interviews, your own experience etc? Research If you are using one of your own presentation topics some of this will have been done. You need to read your selected text/s carefully and make notes in your own words. Avoid cutting and pasting, or copying huge chunks from the books or articles as you risk committing plagiarism by accident. When you reference something in your essay you will need to state: author, date, title, page so make a note as you go. Writing the Essay Introduction Outline your subject. What are the questions you will be asking and why are they important or interesting? Tip sometimes it is easier to write the introduction at the end. (@500 words) Literature Review Summarise how you have researched your subject. Main Body of Text Divide your questions/ideas/points/arguments into 3-5 main areas, which will become the main sections of the essay. Decide on a logical order for these sections and work out how much you need to write for each. Each section should have a clear starting point or question, followed by a discussion or statement of evidence, and ending with some kind of concluding point. @2000 words) Conclusion Try to sum up what you have discussed. What are the main points you want to emphasis? What is the most important thing you have discovered through this research? Can you make any personal observations reflections on the significance of what you have found? Finally you might reflect on further avenues for future research. (@500 words) Bibliography A list of sources (books, articles, films, buildings etc) If you want you can include texts y ou have read but not directly referenced. Illustrations you are encouraged to use illustrations (drawings, photographs, diagram, graphs etc) to support your argument. Make sure illustrations are positioned near the relevant text, have captions that clearly state what the illustration shows, and where it is from. Referencing Referencing is very important and it is good to get into the habit now. Proper referencing does two things: it demonstrates the range/depth of your research and it protects you from being accused of plagiarism. You need to give a reference every single time that you include a quote taken from someone else, or whenever you use a fact or statistic, or whenever you mention a theoretical position that is clearly drawn from a particular writer’s work. The department favours the Humanities system – sequentially numbered footnotes or endnotes. Microsoft:Word can do this automatically for you (insert, footnote/endnote). The footnote/endnote should state the: author, title (In italics), publisher, date and page number. ie, 1. Tom Nairn, Faces of Nationalism: Janus Revisited (London and New York: Verso, 1997), 17. If you quote from the same source you can shorten it i. e. 2. Nairn, Faces of Nationalism, 176. Editing An essay that looks slapdash, contains obvious errors, or repetitions, or has incomplete references, creates a poor impression. It is really important you make time to read through your essay and check spelling, formatting and that it makes sense. Presentation Front cover – name, title etc Pages numbered Clear readable font Clear section headings and contents page Illustrations Bibliography in alphabetical order at back. How to cite Father, Papers

Climate Change Adaptation Plan for Government - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theClimate Change Adaptation Plan for Government. Answer: Introduction This report paper is about the climate change adaptation plan in Australia, Melbourne at the Wyndham City. The major effect of climate change is global warming which is the gradual rise in temperature of earths crust. Adaptation is a term used in outlining the reactions of the Wyndham City Council which include emergency management reactions. The major stakeholders involved in the climate change adaptation plan include communities, businesses, and government. The buildings and other assets that are involved in the climate change adaptation in Wyndham include the building climate resilient infrastructures such as roads, drains, and buildings. The location in which the organization is located is a few meters from the city making the people working in this organization be to directly affected by the climate conditions which are effecting the while city. The climate change adaptation plan involves numerous strategies put in place by the concerned people in ensuring that the factors causing climate change are encountered or the effects of change in climate are dealt with(Bruce C. Glavovic, 2013). The climate change adaptation plan gives commitment and map from the Wyndham City Council in addressing the direction provided in the Executive order and the Climate Action Plan by the President of Australia. The country and the world, in general, have experienced changes in the climatic conditions and more changes are still expected to happen. Due to this reason, Wyndham has put in place numerous strategies with an aim of reducing the emissions and also mitigating the risks of change in climate(Garnett, 2013). These strategies which are currently being implemented by the council are aimed at establishing adaptation excellence, constructing infrastructures that are climate resilient, protection of biodiversity, empowering the community, and managing heat reduction and water use. Effects of Climate Change in Wyndham Top Down The following are some of the effects of climate change which are important resilience approaches and risk management: Loss of Biodiversity: The change in climatic conditions have resulted in the extinction of numerous plants and animals that at one particular time inhabited the Wyndham City. conditions are brought by the prolonged drought or high temperatures caused by depletion of the ozone layer by human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and pollution. The majority of people who are affected by the loss of biodiversity in Wyndham are those practising agriculture(Great Britain. Department for Business, 2011). The decline in the availability of water: The decrease in the level of water supply in the country is as a result of the climatic change which has caused the drought seasons to be prolonged ad shorter rainy seasons. The factories who require water for their operations can no longer get enough water supply as well as the ordinary citizens living in Wyndham(Hennessey, 2011). Extreme Weather Conditions: The extreme and unpredictable weather conditions are currently being experienced in Australia which calls for climate change adaptation plan. The extreme weather conditions have threatened the lives of numerous animals and plants making the majority of them to be extinct. The prediction of weather is important in the determination of planting seasons by the farmers in Australia; currently, the weather condition is the place is characterized by prolonged droughts and rainfall seasons(Kerstin Krellenberg, 2011). Bottom Up The following are some of the effects of climate change which are critical during the process of vulnerability reduction approaches: Health effects: The change in climate has really affected the health conditions of the citizens in the country which is caused by air condition. Some of the health effects which are caused by the climatic change include skin cancer and lung cancer. The majority of the people who are affected are the people staying near industries where air and water pollution is rampant. Citizens have to spend extra money as they seek for treatment of these health conditions leading to rising in expenses among families(Knieling, 2016). Rise in sea levels: The rise in the levels of the sea and oceans have been witnessed due to the melting of ice sheets and glaciers. There have been increased risks of floods especially in regions that are plains. The warming of the earth is the major reason of the melting of polar ice and glaciers. There are numerous people who depend on the supply of water from glaciers during the dry seasons(Marianne Fay, 2014). Economic Effects: The change in climate is to be blamed for the stunted growth of the economy in many sectors of the city. The low production of agricultural commodities which is caused by prolonged droughts in many areas where agriculture is being practised(Peter Kinrade, 2014). Adaptation Actions Reduction of urban heat and balancing the use of water The urban heat and water use are the factors that are caused by the climate change in the country. These two factors are caused by the decline in rainfall in Wyndham and also the rise in the temperatures of the place. The urban heat can be minimized through planting trees by the use of landscape water. These factors have are currently being dealt with through automated irrigation system and increase in planting of trees in the country(RAN-AP, 2012). There is an implementation of Water irrigation plan in Wyndham which is meant at improving the efficiency by 10%, reduction in the cost of labour through the management of irrigation system by 30%, and improvement turf management. Every year, 7250 trees are being planted in this city through the support of the program of Greening the West which is led by City West Water and Lead West(Rajib Shaw, 2011). Empowering a resilient society It has been proved that those who are at high risks of being affected by the climate change are the sick and the elderly who are living alone. There is such kind of individuals in Wyndham, however, there is also society robust which has contributed to the resilience of the community. The empowering the resilient of the community can be done through district planning processes and building the society resilience(Reid, 2016). The process of building district planning has played a critical role in the empowerment of resilience society through engaging the society with an aim of improving the city. There has been an establishment of Advisory Committees and District Plans which sort to implement an approach that is location-based so as to report and plan the work of the community. There has also been the establishment of the project of Western Areas between Melton and Wyndham which sort of linking the community with other regions around it(World Meteorological Organization, 2010). Protection of the Biodiversity There is need to protect the diversity of Wyndham which have been threatened by the change in climatic conditions. Majority of plants and animals have become extinct since the current harsh conditions that are characterized by prolonged droughts and insufficient water supply. Over the past decade, the city has lost critical and irreplaceable marine, freshwater, and land ecosystem. These ecosystems are located in coastal estuaries, river woodland, and Victorian Volcanic Plains. The current biodiversity of the city is experiencing changes such as alteration of hydrology which has altered the local vegetation, the rise in the level of seawater, and accumulation of salt in low lying regions in the municipality(Marianne Fay, 2014). The current efforts directed towards conservation pursue to advocating for better protection of the natural environment, development of pro-active and partnership activities and promotions with society, improved connectivity of the habitats and prevention of fragmentation, as well as protecting, enhancing, managing, and monitoring the natural biodiversity. Some of the actions taken to encounter climate change affecting biodiversity include setting up of policies and actions directed to educating and monitoring biodiversity of the place, activities directed towards conservation through planting trees, management of weed, taking part in development of Adaptation Plan of the city, and monitoring of revegetation work such as adaptive management(Garnett, 2013). Conclusion This report paper is about the climate change adaptation plan in Australia, Melbourne at the Wyndham City. Wyndham has put in place numerous strategies with an aim of reducing the emissions and also mitigating the risks of change in climate. These strategies which are currently being implemented by the council are aimed at establishing adaptation excellence, constructing infrastructures that are climate resilient, protection of biodiversity, empowering the community, and managing heat reduction and water use Recommendation For proper tackling of the problem of climate change, there should be a combined effort directed by the Australian government and not by just a particular city of Wyndham. This is because the change in climate that is happening in the regions surrounding this particular city is to affect Wyndham directly despite putting in place necessary measure to prevent such occurrences. The nationwide strategies may include setting up a particular date for tree planting season in an effort to reduce the heat level in the whole country, encouraging protection of biodiversity in the whole country through educating the citizens, and empowering resilient societies living in different regions in the country. Bibliography Bruce C. Glavovic, G. P. S., 2013. Adapting to Climate Change: Lessons from Natural Hazards Planning. Adelaide: Springer Science Business. Garnett, S., 2013. Climate Change Adaptation Plan for Australian Birds. Perth: Stephen Garnett. Great Britain. Department for Business, I. a. S., 2011. BIS Climate Change Adaptation Plan. London: BIS. Hennessey, R., 2011. Community Adaptation Project: Whitehorse Climate Change Adaptation Plan: Draft 2. Sydney: Northern Climate ExChange. Kerstin Krellenberg, B. H., 2011. Climate Adaptation Melbourne. Melbourne: Springer Science Business Media. Knieling, J., 2016. Climate Adaptation Governance in Cities and Regions: Theoretical Fundamentals and Practical Evidence. Sydney: John Wiley Sons. Marianne Fay, R. B. J. E., 2014. Adapting to Climate Change in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Colorado: World Bank Publications. Peter Kinrade, N. W., 2014. Coastal Councils Climate Change Adaptation Plan. Melbourne: Hunter Councils NSW. Rajib Shaw, F. M. A. I., 2011. Climate Change Adaptation Actions in Australia. Perth: Springer Science Business Media. RAN-AP, 2012. National Action Plan for Climate Change Adaptation (RAN-API).. Paris: RAN-AP. Reid, H., 2016. Community-based Adaptation to Climate Change. Hobart: IIED. World Meteorological Organization, G. F. f. C. S., 2010. Climate Services for Supporting Climate Change Adaptation: Supplement to the Technical Guidelines for the National Adaptation Plan Process. Melbourne: World Meteorological Organization, Global Framework for Climate Services.